Essay Portal

Explore a collection of philosophical writings on a wide variety of topics, contributed by writers from within and beyond Philosium. Non-English essays are available through local Philosium channels.
Philosophical Anthropology
Ethics & Moral philosophy
Philosophy of Technology
The Critique of Transhumanism in Magnifica Humanitas
Should humanity upgrade itself beyond its limits? Reading Pope Leo XIV's Magnifica Humanitas on secular ground, this essay challenges transhumanist promises of productivity, immortality, and a world without suffering.
Ethics & Moral philosophy
Philosophy of Technology
The Fragmentation of Reason: Ethics vs Instrumentality in the Modern Society
Reason makes us free, yet reason alone can endanger that freedom. Using Oppenheimer as a case study, this essay distinguishes instrumental from ethical reason and defends self-imposed limits as the condition of lasting human freedom.
Early modern philosophy
Epistemology
Philosophy of Technology
Political philosophy
Knowledge and Society in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: A Baconian Perspective
Bacon warned that language distorts knowledge. AI, built entirely from human language, may fulfil his dream of organised knowledge while amplifying these distortions. This essay reads misinformation, opacity, and technocratic power through his "Idols of the Marketplace".
Epistemology
Philosophy of Technology
The End of History: for real this time
Fukuyama declared history's end in liberal democracy; this essay proposes another ending. As information floods the digital age, the amount of events outpaces our capacity to understand them, and distrust erodes truth itself. Will we escape this bottleneck, or return to a neo-medieval world?
Philosophy of AI
Metaphysics
Phenomenology
Philosophy of Mind
Philosophy of Technology
The Ethics of What We Cannot Imagine: AI, Indigeneity, and the Moral Toolbox Theory
Can we ever know what it is like to be another mind, whether a frog, a dog, or an AI? Drawing on Nagel, Kripke, and Wittgenstein, this essay argues that consciousness remains an unopened box, and that since we cannot settle whether AI is conscious, we should relate to it with care and ethical education, as a mirror of ourselves.
Analytic philosophy
Philosophy of Language
Philosophy of Technology
Fluent Algorithmic Language and the Language Game: Challenges to Wittgenstein’s Framework
Can a fluent language model take part in Wittgenstein's language game? This essay argues that LLMs meet his criteria of linguistic competence yet lack physical responsibility and practical consequence. Revising ordinary language philosophy to accommodate them either severs language from action or narrows the game's scope, and both options weaken Wittgenstein's core principle that meaning is use.

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